Hormonal Method :

Hormonal contraception is available in a number of different forms, including oral pills, implants under the skin, injections, patches, IUDs and a vaginal ring. They are currently available only for women, although hormonal contraceptives for men have and are being clinically tested.There are two types of oral birth control pills, the combined oral contraceptive pills(which contain both estrogen and progesterone) and the progestogen-only pills . If either is taken during pregnancy, they do not increase the risk of miscarriage nor cause birth defects Both types of birth control pills prevent fertilization mainly by inhibiting ovulation and thickening cervical mucous.Their effectiveness depends on the user remembering to take the pills.They may also change the lining of the uterus and thus decrease implantation.

Progestin-only pills, injections and intrauterine devices are not associated with an increased risk of blood clots and may be used by women with previous blood clots in their veins. In those with a history of arterial blood clots, non-hormonal birth control or a progestin-only method other than the injectable version should be used Progestin-only pills may improve menstrual symptoms and can be used by breastfeeding women as they do not affect milk production. Irregular bleeding may occur with progestin-only methods, with some users reporting no periods. The progestins drospirenone anddesogestrel minimize the androgenic side effects but increase the risks of blood clots and are thus not first line . The perfect use first-year failure rate of the injectable progestin, Depo-Provera .

Combined hormonal contraceptives are associated with a slightly increased risk of venous and arterial blood clots.Venous clots, on average, they are not recommended in women over 35 years of age who continue to smoke . The effect on sexual desire is varied, with increase or decrease in some but with no effect in most.Combined oral contraceptives reduce the risk of ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer and do not change the risk of breast cancer. They often reduce menstrual bleeding and painful menstruation cramps. The lower doses of estrogen released from the vaginal ring may reduce the risk of breast tenderness, nausea, and headache associated with higher dose estrogen products.

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