Sterilization :

Surgical sterilization is available in the form of tubal ligation for women and vasectomy for men . There are no significant long-term side effects, and tubal ligation decreases the risk of ovarian cancer. Short term complications are twenty times less likely from a vasectomy than a tubal ligation. After a vasectomy, there may be swelling and pain of the scrotum which usually resolves in a week or two.  With tubal ligation, complications occur in 1 to 2 percent of procedures with serious complications usually due to the anesthesia.  Neither method offers protection from sexually transmitted infections.
Although sterilization is considered a permanent procedure, it is possible to attempt a tubal reversal to reconnect the fallopian tubes or a vasectomy reversal to reconnect the vasa deferentia. In women the desire for a reversal is often associated with a change in spouse. Pregnancy success rates after tubal reversal are between 31 and 88 percent, with complications including an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. The number of males who request reversal is between 2 and 6 percent. Rates of success in fathering another child after reversal are between 38 and 84 percent; with success being lower the longer the time period between the original procedure and the reversal. Sperm extraction followed by in vitro fertilization may also be an option in men.This decision may cause regret in some men and women. Of women aged over 30 who have undergone tubal ligation, about 5% regret their decision, as compared with 20% of women aged under 30. By contrast, less than 5% of men are likely to regret sterilization. Men more likely to regret sterilization are younger, have young or no children, or have an unstable marriage. In a survey of biological parents, 9% stated they would not have had children if they were able to do it over again.

sterilization

1. the process of rendering an individual incapable of sexual reproduction, by castration,vasectomy, salpingectomy, or some other procedure. Endoscopic techniques for female sterilization that can be performed outside of a hospital without general anesthesia includeculdoscopic, hysteroscopic, and laparoscopic sterilization .

2. the process of destroying all microorganisms and their pathogenic products. It can beaccomplished by any of various methods, including heat (usually wet steam under pressure at121°C for 15 minutes), gas plasma, irradiation, or a bactericidal chemical compound such asethylene oxide, peracetic acid, or aqueous glutaraldehyde. The probability that a given processhas made something sterile is known as its sterility 

In sterilizing objects or substances, the high resistance of bacterial spore cells must be takeninto account. Most dangerous bacteria are destroyed at a temperature of 50° to 60°C, so thatpasteurization of fluid, which is the application of heat at about 60°C, destroys disease-causingbacteria. However, temperatures almost twice as high are usually required to destroy the sporecells.

The discovery that heat, in the form of flame, steam, or hot water, kills bacteria made possiblethe advances of modern surgery, which is based on freedom from microorganisms, or asepsis,and prevention of contamination. Sterilization of all equipment used during operations and otherprocedures, and of anything that in any way may touch an operative field, is carried outscrupulously. Health care providers all wear sterile clothing. Instruments are sterilized by boiling,by chemical antiseptics, or by use of an autoclave.
culdoscopic sterilization use of an endoscope to visualize the fallopian tubes and ovaries forthe purpose of preventing conception. The endoscope is inserted through an incision in theposterovaginal cervix. After the fallopian tubes are located, each tube is drawn out through thevaginal incision and severed. The major advantage of this procedure is that it can be done on anoutpatient basis. A disadvantage is the complication of infection, a very real possibility owing tothe unsterile nature of the vagina.

Gamma sterilization uses the radioisotope cobalt 60 as the energy source to sterilize somemedical supply products. It has the advantages of penetrating all types of packaging, decreasingquarantine time, requiring fewer personnel, and allowing for bulk processing.

flash sterilization sterilization of unwrapped equipment at 132°C for three to ten minutes usingsteam.
gas sterilization sterilization by means of a bactericidal gas, frequently used for items that areheat and moisture sensitive. Ethylene oxide is the gas most often used; it is highly explosiveand flammable in the presence of air, but these hazards are reduced by diluting it with carbondioxide or fluorinated hydrocarbons. Gas sterilization is a chemical process resulting fromreaction of chemical groups in the bacterial cell with the gas. Factors influencing gas sterilizationinclude time of exposure, gas concentration, penetration of the gas, and temperature andhumidity in the sterilizing chamber. Automatically controlled ethylene oxide sterilizers areusually heated to a temperature of 54°C (130°F). A humidity level of 35 to 70 per cent isrecommended.

terminal sterilization the final sterilization of instruments and equipment following use, therebyrendering them safe for handling.

hysteroscopic sterilization use of an endoscopic instrument to visualize the interior of theuterus and fallopian tubes for the purpose of preventing conception. The hysteroscope is insertedthrough the dilated cervix and on through the uterine cavity to the point at which each tube joinsthe uterus. A cautery is then used to electrocoagulate each tube. Occlusion of the tubes isaccomplished by scar tissue that forms at the sites of cauterization.

laparoscopic sterilization that which employs an endoscope to visualize the fallopian tubesand surrounding structures for the purpose of occluding the tubes. The instrument is guided intothe abdominal cavity through a small puncture made by a trocar inserted immediately below theumbilicus. A second small puncture is made in the lower abdomen through which cauteryforceps are inserted. The forceps are applied approximately 2 cm from the point at which each ofthe tubes joins the uterus. 

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